阿爾茲海默癥(AD)，這一逐漸侵蝕記憶與認知的“隱形殺手”，作為一種神經系統(tǒng)退行性疾病，以其復雜的病理機制和多樣的臨床表現(xiàn)，成為了醫(yī)學界難以攻克的疑題。β-淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ)和Tau蛋白的異常聚集是導致疾病進展的關鍵機制之一，此外科學家們還提出了神經元纖維纏結、神經炎癥理論及血管性因素學說等。相關生物標志物的分析檢測將助力科研工作者更深入地揭示該病癥本質，為后續(xù)的治療奠定基礎。
β-Amyloid
β-淀粉樣蛋白是阿爾茲海默病中最被廣泛研究的標志物之一。根據(jù)β-淀粉樣蛋白假說，Aβ斑塊的形成是AD病理過程中的關鍵步驟，這些斑塊在大腦中的積累是導致神經元損傷和細胞死亡的原因之一。Aβ蛋白是由跨膜蛋白Aβ前體蛋白(amyloid precursor protein，APP)經過β分泌酶(beta-secretase 1, BACE1)與γ分泌酶依次水解產生的含有39~43個氨基酸的肽段。Aβ42/Aβ40比值作為核心生物標志物，能早期、準確地區(qū)分AD患者與健康人群，其高敏感性和特異性為早期診斷提供了有力支持。
Tau
NF-L
神經絲輕鏈蛋白(Neurofilament Light-chain, NF-L)是一種新興的生物標志物。NF-L在生理條件下分布于神經細胞內部。多項研究證明在患者的認知能力下降初期，腦脊液中NF-L水平就已經升高，因此NF-L未來可能發(fā)展成為預測臨床前AD癥狀的指標。NF-L在其他神經退行性病變中也同樣出現(xiàn)變化，所以該指標不具備AD診斷特異性，需要與Aβ/Tau生物標志物聯(lián)合應用于AD的臨床診斷與預測。
BDNF
BDNF是一種關鍵的神經營養(yǎng)分子，已被證明可增強突觸可塑性并改善學習和記憶。在AD的背景下，BDNF耗竭與Tau磷酸化、Aβ積累、神經炎癥和神經元凋亡有關。隨著疾病的進展，AD患者的大腦，血液和腦脊液(CSF)中的BDNF水平降低。此外，較高的血清BDNF水平與AD患者認知功能的改善相關。
CDK5
CDK5是磷酸化Tau蛋白的主要激酶，其異常激活與神經元損傷、tau蛋白過度磷酸化以及突觸功能障礙等AD關鍵病理特征密切相關。
除了以上介紹的靶點，我們將AD常用和相關的研究靶點整理成下表，供廣大科研工作者查閱使用！
| 靶點 | 貨號 | 抗體類型 | 種屬 | 應用 |
| β-Amyloid 1-40 | bsm-2864M | Mouse mAb | Hu | WB |
| β-Amyloid 1-42 | bsm-41470M | Mouse mAb | Hu | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| AD7C-NTP | bs-0046R | Rabbit pAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF, Flow-Cyt |
| bs-20192R | Rabbit pAb | Hu | WB, Flow-Cyt | |
| APOE | bsm-61226R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, IP |
| bsm-60544M | Recombinant Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF |
|
| BACE1 | bsm-63071R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Mo, R | WB |
| BCHE | bsm-61594R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu | WB |
| BDNF | bsm-52368R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| bs-4989R | Rabbit pAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| CDK5 | bsm-52029R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF, Flow-Cyt, ICC/IF |
| bs-10258R | Rabbit pAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF, Flow-Cyt |
|
| bsm-31087M | Mouse mAb | Hu |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, ELISA |
|
| bsm-51583M | Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| bsm-51610M | Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, Flow-Cyt |
|
| DPYSL2 | bsm-51453M | Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo | WB |
| bsm-61800R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, IP, Flow-Cyt |
|
| FTH1 | bsm-54108R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| bsm-63085R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| GFAP | bsm-42001M | Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| bsm-41823M | Mouse mAb | Hu | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| bs-0199R | Rabbit pAb | Hu, Mo, R |
IHC-P, IHC-F, IF, Flow-Cyt |
|
| GLP-1R | bs-1559R | Rabbit pAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| GSK3B | bsm-33293M | Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| bsm-33294M | Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| bs-0023M | Mouse pAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| bs-0028R | Rabbit pAb | Hu, Mo, R |
IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, Flow-Cyt |
|
| bsm-63070R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| HMOX1 | bsm-60751R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, Flow-Cyt |
| HSD17B10 | bsm-61523R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, Flow-Cyt |
| NF-L | bs-41217R | Rabbit pAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF, Flow-Cyt |
| bsm-41217M | Mouse mAb | Mo, R | IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| bsm-41724M | Mouse mAb | Hu | WB | |
| NGF | bsm-52362R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF |
| NMDAR1 | bsm-52950R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| NMDAR2A | bsm-54048R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| NMDAR2B | bs-34096R | Rabbit pAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, ICC/IF |
| PRDX3 | bsm-61582R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, IP, Flow-Cyt |
| PSEN1 | bsm-61774R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, Flow-Cyt, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| PSENEN/PEN2 | bsm-61979R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, Flow-Cyt |
| SERPINA3 | bsm-60780R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| SNCA | bsm-54277R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, Flow-Cyt |
| bsm-0968M | Mouse mAb | Hu | IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| bs-0968R | Rabbit pAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB | |
| bsm-42005M | Mouse mAb | Hu | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| bsm-41828M | Mouse mAb | Hu | WB, ICC/IF, ELISA | |
| bsm-41829M | Mouse mAb | Hu | WB, ELISA | |
| bsm-41830M | Mouse mAb | Hu | ICC/IF | |
| bsm-42005R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB | |
| STMN1 | bsm-60306R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF |
| bsm-34184M | Mouse mAb | Hu | IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| Tau | bsm-41722M | Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| bsm-52310R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| bsm-41804M | Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo, R | IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| bsm-41802M | Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF | |
| p-Tau (S198) | bsm-63065R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB |
| p-Tau (S199) | bsm-63066R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Mo, R | WB |
| p-Tau (S202) | bsm-63069R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Mo, R | WB |
| p-Tau (S396) | bsm-63063R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| p-Tau (S404) | bsm-63067R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| p-Tau (T231) | bsm-25325M | Mouse mAb | Hu | WB |
| bsm-52507R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Mo, R | WB | |
| TDP-43/TARDBP | bsm-52949R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, Flow-Cyt |
| bsm-60837R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF, Flow-Cyt |
|
| bsm-60381M | Recombinant Mouse mAb | Hu, Mo, R |
WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF, IF |
|
| TP53/p53 | bsm-10841M | Mouse mAb | Hu | WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF |
| bsm-60806R | Recombinant Rabbit mAb | Hu | WB, IHC-P, IF, IHC-F | |
| TREM2 | bs-2723R | Rabbit pAb | Mo, R | WB |
| Hu=Human, Mo=Mouse, R=Rat | ||||
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